if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
failure; collapse; breakdown; break-up; bankruptcy
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
siege; encirclement; envelopment; surrounding; besiegement
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
by means of; due to; because of; according to
arrest; apprehension; capture
final; eventual; ultimate
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
meaning; significance; sense
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
in the meanwhile; during the time
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
year; age; years; past one's prime; old age
retainer; subject; vassal; servant
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
one by one; one after another; successively
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
natural; right; proper; naturally; as a matter of course; rightly
use; utilization; utilisation; application
silver (Ag); silver coin; money; silver medal; silver colour; silver color; bank
Zhou dynasty (China, approx. 1046-256 BCE); Chou dynasty; perimeter; counter for laps or circuits