indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
emperor; ruler (with a heavenly mandate); heavenly being; celestial being
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
Yue (kingdom in ancient China; 6th C-334 BCE); Vietnam
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
inner palace (reserved for women); harem; seraglio; consort of the emperor
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
to nod; to bow one's head in assent; to agree
Cao Cao (155-220), famous statesman and general at the end of Han, noted poet and calligrapher, later warlord, founder and first king of Cao Wei, father of Emperor Cao Pi; the main villain of novel the Romance of Three Kingdoms
in that way; thus; so; so?
insurrection; mutiny; rebellion; revolt; uprising
district; county; district (of 2-20 50-home neighbourhoods or townships, in the ritsuryo period)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!