light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
sum; harmony; peace; Japan; Japanese-style
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
April; fourth month in the lunar calendar
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
step; stair; grade; rank; counter for breaks in written language (or speech, etc.); dan
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
poison; toxicant; harm; evil influence; ill will; spite
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
by means of; due to; because of; according to
recommendation; referral; endorsement
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
government service; official position; civil service
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to take (seat, position, course, office, etc.); to assume; to ascend (the throne); to accede; to start (on a journey); to commence
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
(metropolitan) prefecture (of Osaka and Kyoto); the centre or seat (of) (center); (government) office; fu; historical administrative unit in China, Korea and Vietnam
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
implication (in a crime); involvement; (arch.) sitting in a row (in the same seat)
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to lose; to miss (a change, opportunity); to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of; to concede (goals, points, etc.)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
centre; center; middle; capital; seat of government
going through; going via; going by way of
to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to mediate; to intervene; to smooth
while; even though; despite
cool breeze; cool air; refreshing coolness
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
clique; group; (political) faction; wing; school; sect
every person; each one; everybody
noted doctor; excellent physician
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)