indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
don't you think?; indicates question
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
important; significant; precious; valuable; careful
memories; recollections; reminiscence
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
to turn one's head; to look over one's shoulder; to turn around; to think back (on); to reminisce; to look back (on)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
dictionary; lexicon; (arch.) letter of resignation
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
in that way; thus; so; so?
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
for example; for instance; e.g.
girl; daughter; baby girl; young woman
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
no sooner than; as soon as; immediately after; at the thought of; when I think about
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to go upstream; to go back (in time, to origin); to date back to; to trace back to
big and round (eyes, shaven head, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question