well then ...; in that situation; in which case
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
light (i.e. not heavy); feeling light (i.e. offering little resistance, moving easily); light (i.e. of foot); effortless; non-serious; minor; slight
while; during; while; although; all; both
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
opposition; resistance; antagonism; reverse; opposite; inverse
direction; orientation; bearing; course (e.g. of action)
alone; by oneself; on one's own
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to turn one's head; to look over one's shoulder; to turn around; to think back (on); to reminisce; to look back (on)
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
upright; honest; faithful; conscientious; sincere
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
to raise one's hand; to surrender; to raise one's hand to someone (as a threat to strike); to become better (at something); to improve; to throw one's hat in the ring
before long; soon; almost; nearly; finally; in the end
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
field of vision; visibility; view; visual field; (one's) ken
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
considerably; fairly; quite
low (rank, degree, value, content, quality, etc.); low (position); close to the ground; short (height); deep (voice); in a low key