indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
while; during; while; although; all; both
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
by means of; due to; because of; according to
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
on the way; en route; in the middle of; midway; halfway
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to drop; to lose; to clean off (dirt, makeup, paint, etc.); to remove (e.g. stains or facial hair); to lose (a match); to reject (an applicant); to lower (e.g. shoulders or voice)
breath; breathing; tone; mood
to hit; to strike; to strike (noon, etc.); to sound (cymbals, etc.); to beat (rhythmically, e.g. pulse, waves, etc.); to move; to impress
one part; one portion; one section; one copy (e.g. of a document)
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
floor; stage (for the narrator and the shamisen player); dining platform built across a river
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
to roll up; to enfold; to swallow up; to involve; to drag into
explosion; detonation; eruption; eruption (of discontent, etc.); outburst; outpouring
to step on; to tread on; to set foot on (e.g. foreign soil); to stand on; to experience; to undergo; to follow (rules, principles, etc.)
to wound; to injure; to hurt someone's feelings (pride, etc.); to damage; to chip
to strike against; to collide with; to encounter; to meet; to clash