indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
on the way; en route; in the middle of; midway; halfway
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
two persons; two people; pair; couple
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
in that way; thus; so; so?
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
duty; responsibility (incl. supervision of staff); liability; onus
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
myself; yourself; I; me; you
emotion; feeling; feelings; sentiment
to dump (e.g. onto the floor); to empty by overturning; to throw out (contents); to tell everything; to reveal everything; to open one's heart
to herd; to drive; to corner; to force someone into doing; to go hard; to push yourself
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to apologize; to apologise
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to condemn; to blame; to urge; to press; to torture; to torment
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe