indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
lodging; inn; house; home; home of a servant's parents (or guarantor, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
one leaf; one page; one sheet; (arch.) one boat
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
bone; frame; outline; core; backbone; spirit
demon; devil; evil spirit; monster; goblin; apparition
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give a glance (at); to take one look at
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
don't you think?; indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
odd; strange; queer; weird; bizarre
historic ruins (remains, relics); archeological site
circumference; outskirts; environs; (computer) peripheral
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
sketch (depicting real people or nature); drawing sketched from real life; magic-lantern picture; child's copying pictures; mirror image (e.g. of society); (metaphorical) depiction
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
skillful; skilful; adroit; clever; shrewd; ingenious
copy (of the real thing); copying; reproduction; tracing
picture; drawing; painting; image (TV, film, etc.); picture; footage
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
article; news story; report; account
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be delighted; to be glad; to congratulate; to gratefully accept
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
ancient times; distant past; antiquity
hokora; small wayside shrine
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
to fall (over, down); to collapse; to be destroyed (in a collapse); to collapse; to be confined to bed (with an illness); to come down with; to die
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit