indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
test; trial; probation; ordeal; tribulation
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
hokora; small wayside shrine
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
ancient times; distant past; antiquity
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hero; the brave; man of valour (valor)
poem; poetry; verse; Chinese poem
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
lodging; inn; house; home; home of a servant's parents (or guarantor, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
demon; devil; evil spirit; monster; goblin; apparition
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
conquest (of a difficulty, illness, handicap, etc.); overcoming; bringing under control; subjugation; victory over
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to (take out and) show; to demonstrate; to point out (finger, clock hand, needle, etc.); to indicate; to show
rock; boulder; crag; cliff; anchor
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort