indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
kawaraban (type of Edo-period single-page newspaper)
nothing; naught; nought; un-; non-
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to awake from one's sleep
to wake up; to awake; to awaken to (instinct, ability, perception, etc.); to become aware of; to come to one's senses
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
floor; stage (for the narrator and the shamisen player); dining platform built across a river
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to rise; to erect; to get up
to listen carefully; to strain one's ears
open air; outdoors; outside
silent (as the grave); deadly silent; deathly quiet
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
to reel; to wind; to turn (pages); to flip through (a book); to count (e.g. the days); to open one-by-one
indication; sign; hint; tone (of the market)
to peep (through); to peek; to await (one's chance); to guess; to infer
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
to shine; to glitter; to be bright
far away; distant place; long ago; far back; by far
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
to make sound (of an animal); to call; to cry; to make a meld call (e.g. pung, kong)
peace and quiet; safe and peaceful; tranquil and uneventful
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
citizen; citizenry; city inhabitant; townspeople; bourgeoisie; middle class
to sleep like a log; to sleep deeply
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
everything; anything; nothing
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very