indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold in one's arms; to carry in one's arms; to have (problems, debts, etc.); to take on (a responsibility); to employ; to have (on one's staff)
while; during; while; although; all; both
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
gradually; by degrees; little by little; bit by bit
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
weight; weight (e.g. of someone's words); burden; importance; significance
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
on the way; en route; in the middle of; midway; halfway
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
temptation; allurement; lure; enticement; seduction
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to spur on; to urge forward; to impel; to drive at high speed (e.g. a car)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
to re-think; to think back upon; to change one's mind
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to encourage; to cheer on; to cheer (someone) up; to raise (one's voice)
with trouble; at great pains; rare; valuable; kind; generous
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
a little; a bit; a little while; a short time; a little way; a short distance
before long; soon; almost; nearly; finally; in the end
fork; junction; diverging point; turning point (e.g. in one's life); crossroads
to stop (in one's tracks); to come to a stop; to halt; to pause; to stand still
to be at a loss; to be puzzled
right; right-hand side; right hand; the above (in a piece of vertical writing); above-mentioned; the right (wing)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
left; left-hand side; left hand; the left (wing); leftist; fondness for alcohol
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
guidepost; signpost; guide; manual; tiger beetle (esp. the Japanese tiger beetle, Cicindela japonica)
letter (of an alphabet); character; writing