Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
than; from; out of; except; but; more
Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543.1.31-1616.6.1), Shougun 1603-1605
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
being full; (counting) completed years (e.g. when calculating age); full (years, months, etc.); Manchuria
river; stream; River; the ... river
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
survival; remaining; being extant; being left
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
navy (esp. the Japanese navy prior to the 1850s)
to brush away; to sweep aside; to repel (e.g. enemy); to drive away; to rout
to launch oneself upon; to make one's debut
setting on fire; setting afire
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
war damage; ravages of war; horrors of war
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
magnification; enlargement; expansion; amplification
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
reconciliation; peace; rapprochement
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
the Emperor's command; private message from an emperor
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
to accomplish; to achieve; to carry out; to do ... completely; to do ... entirely
highway (esp. one existing from the Edo period); main road; highway (e.g. to success); path (to becoming ...); subdistrict (in China)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
military forces; hosts; troops
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
again; once more; a second time
flight; desertion; escape
to be forced to do or experience something (against one's will); to be forced to do something because one has no other choice
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
while; during (the time when)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
wartime fire; war; wartime destruction; horrors of war
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)