indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
to be born; to come into the world
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
where; which; anyway; anyhow; sooner or later; eventually
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to knit one's brows (in discomfort, unease, disapproval, etc.); to raise one's eyebrows; to frown; to scowl
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
to let out; to utter; to issue; to send; to leave; to depart
than; from; out of; except; but; more
previously; before; first; before (something or someone else); beforehand; in advance
to pile up; to heap up; to stack up; to repeat many times over; to go through repeatedly; to accumulate
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
one's line of sight; one's gaze; one's eyes (looking); glance; gaze; look
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to show someone (into a room)
so; accordingly; now; then; thereupon; therefore
astonishment; amazement; surprise; fright; shock
top of the head; vertex; parietal
toes; tips of the toes; toe of a shoe, sock, etc.
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to run past from behind; to run through (e.g. gate, one's mind)
beginning; outset; first; onset
corner; edge; (street) corner; turning; rough edges (of one's character, words, etc.); abrasiveness
collapse; break; cave-in; crash; (market) decline