chapter; section; medal; badge; insignia
ruining a country; ruined country
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
old; aged; long; since long ago; of the distant past; long-ago
wooden; made of wood; wooden construction
detached building; solitary house; room detached from main house
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
storage room; storeroom; lumber room
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to be buried; to be covered; to be hidden
(corrugated) cardboard; cardboard box; carton
thick; bulky; massive; heavy
layer; stratum; class; stratum; sheaf; counter for stories (of a building)
to cover; to hide; to conceal; to wrap; to disguise
breath; breathing; concord; harmony; steam (coming off hot food, tea, etc.); (water) vapor
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to blow (on); to breathe (on); to pick (a fight); to provoke; to exaggerate; to ask (an unreasonable price)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
surface; face; outside; exterior; appearances; superficiality
nothing but; except; no more than
to pay (e.g. money, bill); to brush off; to wipe away; to drive away (e.g. one's competitors); to sell off (something unneeded); to dispose of; to pay (e.g. attention)
with shoes on; rudely; thoughtlessly
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)
tatami mat; Japanese straw floor coverings
thorny shrub; wild rose; briar; thorn; cusp
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
to split finely; to splinter; to get frayed; to become irritable
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
frost; white hair; grey hair; gray hair
to step firmly (on); to harden by treading
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
to make a sound; to give off a sound; to hear a sound
shoji (paper sliding door)
all; completely; totally; entirely; thoroughly
to fade (of a colour); to grow dull in color (colour); to lose vividness; to lose freshness; to grow stale