indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
order; ordering; beginning; start; foreword; preface
chapter; section; medal; badge; insignia
foreign ship (esp. of Spanish and Portuguese ships arriving from the south prior to the Edo period)
Bungo (former province located in present-day Ōita Prefecture)
within the prefecture (of Kyoto or Osaka); (arch.) within the town limits of Edo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
barrier; gate; seki (in go); mutual life
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
Iyo (former province located in present-day Ehime Prefecture)
road; path; way; set of practices; Buddhist teachings; Taoism; modern administrative region of Japan (Hokkaido)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to cross over; to go across; to extend; to cover; to range
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to arrive at; to reach; to sit on; to sit at (e.g. the table)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
about; roughly; generally; on the whole; completely; quite
Japanese league; ri; neighbourhood (under the ritsuryo system; orig. of 50 homes); unit of area (approx. 654m by 654m)
approximately; about; promise; appointment; shortening; reduction
kilo-; 1000; kilogram; kilogramme; kilometre; kilometer
to separate (by distance, time, etc.); to isolate; to interpose; to have between; to alienate; to estrange
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
coming and going; traffic; road; street; association; socializing
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
from long ago; from old times; from time immemorial
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext