indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
babysitting; babysitter; protecting; keeping; keeper
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
in that way; thus; so; so?
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
model; pattern; paragon; exemplar
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
hair; fur; wool; down; plumage