indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
form (as opposed to substance); formality; method; system; format; mode
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
work (film, book); production; creation; turning (something) out
text (of a book, document, etc.); body (of a letter); this passage; this sentence
letter (of alphabet); character; writing
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
typeface; style of handwriting; calligraphic style
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
establishment; creation; posing (a problem); options setting; preference settings; configuration
enjoyment; pleasure; diversion; amusement; hobby
please (give me); please (do for me)
order; ordering; beginning; start; foreword; preface
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
Hakodate (city in Hokkaido)
mostly; nearly; practically; well-nigh; almost invariably; all but
flat; level; calm; tranquil; relaxed (sitting posture); comfortable
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the more ... the more ...; as; (arch.) while; (arch.) during; (arch.) because; (arch.) since
to burn; to be roasted; to be heated; to be jealous; to be envious
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
people; men and women; each person; everybody
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to stand up; to get up; to rise; to recover; to take action; to start; to make the initial charge
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to pass (of time); to elapse
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
townscape; street (of stores and houses); (look of) stores and houses on street
revival; reconstruction; restoration; rebuilding; recovery; renaissance
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
to overlook; to command a view of; to look down on; to despise; to look down on