shell (e.g. electron shell)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
calamity; misfortune; disaster
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to fall onto; to happen; to befall
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
ground; earth; the solid earth; the (vast) land
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
being dotted with; being scattered
autonomy (philosophy); self-control
model; type (e.g. of machine, goods, etc.); type; style; mold (mould); template; kata (standard form of a movement, posture, etc. in martial arts, sport, etc.)
movement; transfer; migration; mobile; moving; traveling
town; city; municipal; urban
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
spear; lance; javelin; lance; (arch.) jeering
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
silver hair; gray hair; grey hair
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
towards; against; regarding; in contrast with
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
to keep within limits (e.g. spending); to restrain (e.g. emotions); to control; to hold back (e.g. an enemy); to check; to curb
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
university town; college town
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)