one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
chapter; section; medal; badge; insignia
young person; youth; young
merchant; trader; tradesman; dealer; shopkeeper
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
far away; far off; far; long ago; long before
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to descend; to go down; to be handed down (of an order, judgment, etc.); to pass (of time); to surrender; to capitulate; to be less than
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to govern; to manage; to subdue
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
quotient; dealing; dealer; second degree (of the Japanese and Chinese pentatonic scale); Shang dynasty (China, approx. 1600-1046 BCE); Yin dynasty
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
counter for people (usu. seating, reservations and such); first name; famous; great; name; noun
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to ask; to inquire; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to care about; to regard as important
common occurrence; everyday occurrence; not an uncommon case; normal thing; everyday affair
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
previously; already; beforehand; in advance; for some time
to give up on; to turn one's back (on); to abandon; to forsake; to dump (e.g. romantic partner)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
by the way; incidentally; sometimes; occasionally; precisely (at that time); exactly
small; little; tiny; insignificant; humble; modest
hut; cabin; small theatre (theater); temporary playhouse; one's own house
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
remnant; residue; remaining; left-over