ultimate; final; last; eventual
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
pigtails; bunches; two ponytails; angel wings
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
beginning; outset; first; onset
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
in that way; thus; so; so?
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
don't you think?; indicates question
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
nothing; naught; nought; un-; non-
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
expansion; swelling; increase; growth
acceleration; speeding up
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to cause; to induce; to bring about; to pull upright; to help up (e.g. a fallen person)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)
(after) bouncing around from one place to the next
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
appearance; (outward) looks; exterior appearance
living thing; organism; creature; biology
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
acknowledgement; acknowledgment; recognition; cognition