to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
source; origin; provenance; birthplace
minute; fine; detailed; subtle
semantic content (of a term); meaning (of a sentence)
something to rely on; aid; someone to rely on; relative; reminder; memento
transmission; propagation; spread; circulation; diffusion; dissemination
overturning; capsizing; overthrow (e.g. of a government)
relocation of the capital; transfer of the capital
innovation; new departure; milestone; breakthrough
to take more time than expected; to take a long time; to be delayed
sage; wise man; philosopher; sagacity; wisdom; intelligence
counter for laps or circuits; perimeter; Zhou dynasty (of China; approx. 1046-256 BCE); Chou dynasty
to lead a life; to live a life
getting deeply involved; going deeply into; going too far (into something)
objectivity; objective; object (philosophical)
a posteriori; posteriority
term; terminology; wording; choice of words; phraseology
coinage; invention of a new word; coined word
Bakumatsu period; closing days of the Tokugawa shogunate; end of the Edo period
Institute for the Study of Western Books (Edo period); Institute for the Investigation of Foreign Books
confusion; disturbance; commotion; chaos; disorder
after all; in the end; in short; given due consideration; when all is said and done
party (of people); set (of people); clan; family; fellow
haughty; arrogant; pompous; self-important
a bit better than; not much more than; not much different from
Buddhist teachings; Buddhism
low rank; wickedness; vulgarity
especially; above all; particularly; among other things
unrest prevailing; turmoil reigning
scholar of Western sciences (by means of the Dutch language; during the Edo period); rangaku scholar
fragment; scrap; piece; shred
man of virtue; wise man; person of high rank; the four gentlemen (plum, chrysanthemum, orchid, and bamboo)
shame; embarrassment; disgrace
to plan; to attempt; to plot; to conspire; to aim for; to strive for