indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
study; learning; tutorial
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
biggest; greatest; largest; maximum
barrier; obstacle; difficulty; hurdle; deadlock
to be called ...; to be referred to as ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
pointer (dog breed); English pointer; pointer (rod); pointing stick; (mouse) pointer; mouse cursor
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
on the occasion of; at the time of
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
not exceeding; and downward; below (e.g. standard); under (e.g. a level); the below-mentioned; the following
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
memory; memory; recollection; remembrance
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
general idea; concept; notion
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
simple; easy; uncomplicated; brief; quick; light
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
previously; before; first; before (something or someone else); beforehand; in advance
study; diligence; discount; reduction
had better ...; had better not ...
understanding; comprehension; appreciation; sympathy
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
quick; prompt; without delay; simple; easy; effortless
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
doubt; question; suspicion; dubiousness
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
but; however; provided that
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to