indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
pointer (dog breed); English pointer; pointer (rod); pointing stick; (mouse) pointer; mouse cursor
arrangement; disposition; array (programming)
model; type (e.g. of machine, goods, etc.); type; style; mold (mould); template; kata (standard form of a movement, posture, etc. in martial arts, sport, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
function; function (programming)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
declaration; proclamation; announcement
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
argument (e.g. function, program, programme)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
not exceeding; and downward; below (e.g. standard); under (e.g. a level); the below-mentioned; the following
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
program (of events, music, etc.); programme; program (booklet); brochure; (computer) program; programming
area; domain; territory; field; range; region
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
price; cost; value; worth; value
reference; bibliographical reference; consultation; browsing (e.g. when selecting a file to upload on a computer); checking out
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to ferry across (e.g. a river); to carry across; to lay across; to build across; to hand over; to hand in
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?