chapter one; first chapter
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
oil crisis (esp. 1973 OPEC oil crisis); oil shock
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to wake up; to awake; to perk up; to awaken (to the truth, etc.); to come to a realization; to come to one's senses
Shōwa era (1926.12.25-1989.1.7); reminiscent of the Shōwa era; Shōwa- nostalgic; old-fashioned
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
chance; start; cue; excuse; motive; impetus
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
world; society; people; the public
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
production system; production method; manufacturing system
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
at any rate; anyhow; anyway; in any case; because; as you know
influence; effect; to influence; to affect; to have an influence on
government; administration
enterprise; business; company; corporation
individual; private person; personal; private
living; life (one's daily existence); livelihood
where; which; anyway; anyhow; sooner or later; eventually
towards; against; regarding; in contrast with
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
zero growth; zero economic growth; no-growth economy
to feel down; to feel sad; to be in a slump (business, economy, etc.); to be in an unfavourable condition; to fall into (e.g. a hole)
whole; entirety; whatever (is the matter)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
one o'clock; once; at one time; for a time; for a while; a time
fear; dread; dismay; terror; horror; scare
to sink; to go under; to go down (e.g. sun); to set; to feel depressed; to become subdued
feeling; sensation; emotion; interjection