indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
process; operation; stage of a process; progress of work
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
machine; mechanism; instrument; appliance; apparatus
production system; production method; manufacturing system
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
signboard; sign; draw; attraction; reputation (of a shop); name
car; automobile; motorcar; motor vehicle; auto
futility; waste; uselessness; pointlessness; idleness
enterprise; business; company; corporation
work; operation; manufacturing; fatigue duty
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
point of production; production site; shop floor
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
by means of; due to; because of; according to
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
(United States of) America; United States; US; America (land mass); the Americas
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
human being; human; person; character (of a person)