indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
low-lying part of a city (usu. containing shops, factories, etc.); Shitamachi (low-lying area of eastern Tokyo near Tokyo Bay, incl. Asakusa, Shitaya, Kanda, Fukugawa, Honjo, Nihonbashi, Kyobashi and surrounds)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
echo; reverberation; sound (esp. the distinctive sound of an object or activity, e.g. rain, gun, gallop, drum); noise; quality of a sound (e.g. a fine phrase, clear voice, resonant bell); feeling of a sound
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
ogre; demon; spirit of a deceased person; ogre-like person (i.e. fierce, relentless, merciless, etc.); it (in a game of tag, hide-and-seek, etc.); Chinese "ghost" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); very
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
one day; (on) a certain day
senior high school; high school
success; passing (e.g. exam); eligibility
news; word; tidings; omen
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
coincidence; chance; by chance; unexpectedly; contingency
Chinese juniper (Juniperus chinensis)
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to happen to meet; to come across
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
chirp; twitter; warble; whale tongue
spring break; spring vacation
cry (esp. animal); roar; chirp; tweet; bark; whine
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
taste; elegance; appearance; air; the likes of ...; lowly people such as ...
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)