Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
bodyguard; bouncer; bar (e.g. on a door); bolt; stick or pole used for self-defence
trade; business; occupation; profession; job
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be enthralled by; to be disguised as
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
close friend; bosom friend; buddy; crony; chum
koto (13-stringed Japanese zither); (arch.) stringed instrument
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
will or decree (esp. of shogun); emperor's wishes
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
festivities; celebration; wedding; marriage ceremony
proximity; nearness; soon; nearby
to be temperate in; to refrain; to make notes; to jot down (e.g. phone number); to be in preparation for; to be in waiting for
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to part (usu. of people); to part from; to separate (of a couple); to break up; to lose (e.g. one's mother); to be bereaved
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
the past; bygone days; one's past (that one would prefer remained secret); past (tense); preterit; previous life
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
series; chain; two reams (i.e. 1000 sheets of paper); verse; stanza
incident; affair; happening; event
to be due to; to be caused by; to depend on; to turn on; to be based on; to come from
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
reform; reformation; reorganization
surface; face (i.e. the visible side of an object); front (of a building, etc.); obverse side (i.e. "head") of a coin; outside; exterior; appearance
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
plot; intrigue; scheme; conspiracy; agreement between two or more people to commit an unlawful act
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
one's person; around one's person
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
suddenly; abruptly; unexpectedly
busy; hurried; confused; flurried
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
amount necessary to fill a container (e.g. cupful, spoonful, etc.); drink (usu. alcoholic); full; one squid, octopus, crab, etc.; one boat; fully; to capacity