Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
bodyguard; bouncer; bar (e.g. on a door); bolt; stick or pole used for self-defence
trade; business; occupation; profession; job
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be enthralled by; to be disguised as
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
friend; companion; comrade; accompaniment; companion (e.g. book); complement
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
will or decree (esp. of shogun); emperor's wishes
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
festivities; celebration; wedding; marriage ceremony
proximity; nearness; soon; nearby
to be temperate in; to refrain; to make notes; to jot down (e.g. phone number); to be in preparation for; to be in waiting for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to part (usu. of people); to part from; to separate (of a couple); to break up; to lose (e.g. one's mother); to be bereaved
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
the past; bygone days; one's past (that one would prefer remained secret); past (tense); preterit; previous life
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be due to; to be caused by; to depend on; to turn on; to be based on; to come from
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
reform; reformation; reorganization
plot; intrigue; scheme; conspiracy; agreement between two or more people to commit an unlawful act
your home; your family; their home; (my) home
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
one's person; around one's person
suddenly; abruptly; unexpectedly
busy; hurried; confused; flurried
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
already; now; no longer; not any more
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
hesitation; bewilderment; illusion; delusion; inability to reach enlightenment
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
oneself (itself, etc.); I; me; you; by oneself (itself, etc.); interjection expressing anger or chagrin