indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
sagacity; wisdom; intelligence
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
place; spot; field; discipline; occasion; situation; scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
head (of a household, etc.); leader; owner; proprietor; subject (of a rumour, etc.); doer (of a deed); guardian spirit (e.g. long-resident beast, usu. with mystical powers)
seat; place; position; status; gathering; party; stand
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to hand over; to transfer; to give up (e.g. one's seat); to give way; to yield; to concede
once; for a short time; briefly; (arch.) one morning
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
mainly; chiefly; primarily; for the most part
again; once more; a second time
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to do one good; to be beneficial; to stand in someone else's shoes; (arch.) to care deeply for someone
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
structure; construction; posture (e.g. in martial arts); pose; readiness; determination
to fire (gun, arrow, questions, etc.); to shoot; to set free; to release; to emit (e.g. light); to give off (e.g. a scent)
(in the) neighbourhood; neighborhood; around; about; for instance; say
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow; anyhow; one way or another
to check; to hold back; to keep at bay; to stop; to prevent; to stem
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
several; a number of; quantity; amount; counting; figures; number
difference; variation; difference
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
adds force or indicates command
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent