indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to lay hands on; to touch; to care for; to look after; to make off with; to steal
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
already; now; no longer; not any more
protection; safeguard; shugo (Kamakura or Muromachi period military governor)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to mix; to combine; to exchange (words, fire, etc.); to cross (e.g. swords); to join together
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
together; jointly; at the same time; with; both
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
how; in what way; how about; questionable
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
to seclude oneself; to shut oneself away
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to say; to tell; to state; to do
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof