indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
honorific/polite/humble prefix
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
Mino (former province located in the south of present-day Gifu Prefecture)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
gun; wooden pole that wrestlers strike in practice; puffer fish
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
in that way; thus; so; so?
reason; cause; circumstances
Owari (former province located in the west of present-day Aichi Prefecture)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
to say; to be called; to do