indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
nobleman's illegitimate child
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
back; rear; background; behind the scenes
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
to lurk; to be hidden; to be concealed; to lie dormant; to be latent
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see through; to see into (someone's heart, mind, etc.); to perceive; to find out; to detect
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to make sure of; to ascertain; to confirm; to grasp
more and more; all the more; at last; finally; (at the) last moment; worst possible time
black curtain; wirepuller; mastermind; backroom manipulator
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
audience (with a person of high standing)
for a moment; for a minute; for a while; for some time; for the time being; for now
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to make a decision; to draw a conclusion; to give a judgement; to hand down a verdict; to let go down; to lower; to do oneself
reasons; circumstances; significance; hindrance; obstruction; interference
to change; to alter; to reform; to correct; to examine; to check
(those) who are; (that) which is; in the capacity of
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to be mistaken for; to be confused with
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
emperor; shogun; honored person (honoured); (another person's) wife
than; from; out of; except; but; more