indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
black-bellied plover; grey plover (Pluvialis squatarola)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
(Meiji era) official responsible for court ceremonies
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
(arch.) retainer; (arch.) attendant; Omi (hereditary title; orig. one of the two highest such titles, later demoted to sixth highest of eight)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
thief; robber; burglar; bandit
chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in that way; thus; so; so?
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
indicates two contrasting actions; (arch.) indicates possessive (often found in place names and compound words)
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
emperor; shogun; honored person (honoured); (another person's) wife
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof