Kyōhō era (1716.6.22-1736.4.28)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
Edo (shogunate capital; former name of Tokyo); Yedo
in the city; in the community
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from the beginning; from the first; of course; not to mention ...; not only ... but also ...
each place; every place; various places; all parts (of the country, world, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
freely; right and left; as one pleases
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to steal; to plagiarize; to steal (a technique, idea, etc.); to do stealthily; to do during scant time; to steal a base
work; labor; achievement; performance; salary; income
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
unique flavor (flavour); (degree of) flavouring; distinctive quality; special charm
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to wound; to injure; to hurt someone's feelings (pride, etc.); to damage; to chip
large amount of money; great cost
to take (by force); to take away; to snatch; to absorb (one's attention); to fascinate; to captivate
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
from the place (where); from the fact that ...; caused by the fact that ...; because
known as ...; also known as ...; called ...; AKA
one party; one faction; one clique
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
10,000; ten thousand; 10^4
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
after that; afterwards; thereafter
to stop communicating; to never be heard from again; to disappear; to go missing
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to make noise; to make racket; to rustle; to swoosh; to make merry; to clamor; to clamour