Kyōhō era (1716.6.22-1736.4.28)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from the beginning; from the first; all along; of course
every place; various places
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
freely; right and left; as one pleases
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to steal; to plagiarize; to steal (a technique, idea, etc.); to do stealthily; to do during scant time; to steal a base
work; labor; achievement; performance; salary; income
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
unique flavor (flavour); (degree of) flavouring; distinctive quality; special charm
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to wound; to injure; to hurt someone's feelings (pride, etc.); to damage; to chip
large amount of money; great cost
to snatch away; to dispossess; to steal
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
from the place (where); from the fact that ...; caused by the fact that ...; because
known as ...; also known as ...; called ...; AKA
one party; one faction; one clique
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
after that; afterwards; thereafter
news (from somebody); letter; contact; (somebody's) whereabouts; (somebody's) movements
to sever; to cut off; to suppress; to eradicate; to abstain (from); to give up
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally