at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
morning; forenoon; just before noon
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
founder; originator; pioneer
on and after; as from; hereafter; thereafter; since
cloudiness; cloudy weather; fog (on a mirror, glasses, etc.); cloud (e.g. in marble); gloom; dejection
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
mark; symbol; to mark; to put a mark on; trademark; paying attention to; focusing on
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
by means of; due to; because of; according to
umbrella; parasol; something shaped like an umbrella or a conical hat; shade (of a lamp); mushroom cap
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
Warring States period (of Japanese history, approx. 1467-1568 CE); Sengoku period; Warring States period (of Chinese history, 403-221 BCE); era of vicious competition
daimyo (Japanese feudal lord)
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
important; momentous; essential; principal; major
piece (in shogi, chess, etc.); (arch.) horse; (arch.) foal; bridge (of a violin, etc.)
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
friend; ally; supporter; taking sides with; supporting; standing by
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
to topple over; to be overturned; to capsize; to be overruled; to be reversed; to be discredited
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
to become known; to come to light; to be known; to be understood; to clearly not amount to much; to be insignificant
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
older brother; elder brother
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
family a woman has married into
to yield oneself (to something); to devote oneself (to something); to surrender oneself (to something)
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
readiness; preparedness; resolution; resignation