indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
terrible; dreadful; terrifying; surprising; startling; tremendous
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
one day; (on) a certain day
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
to roll up; to enfold; to swallow up; to involve; to drag into
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
withdrawal; secession; separation; breakaway
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
war; battle; match; game; competition
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
myself; yourself; I; me; you
intention; wish; purpose; mind (to do)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
repechage; revival series
participation; joining; entry; adherence
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
number of votes obtained (polled)
few; a little; scarce; insufficient; seldom
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
dropping out; falling behind; omission; being left out; falling off; coming off
large amount of money; great cost
to hold (in one's hand); to take (into one's hand); to own; to obtain
debt; loan; liabilities; borrowing money
to carry on one's back; to be burdened with; to take responsibility for; to have (something) in the background; to be in front (of something); to be conceited
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
looking on (somebody) as hostile
isolation; being alone; being friendless