indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
vote; ballot; label; ticket; tag
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
100,000,000; one hundred million
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
war; battle; match; game; competition
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
secretariat; executive office
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
practice; practising; training; study
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
all members; all hands; everyone; everybody; whole crew
to pay (e.g. money, bill); to brush off; to wipe away; to drive away (e.g. one's competitors); to sell off (something unneeded); to dispose of; to pay (e.g. attention)
10^8; 100,000,000; hundred million
last place; lowest position; lowest rank; least significant (bit); lowest order
abstention (from voting); renunciation (of a right); withdrawal (from a contest)