shogunate retainer; shogunate vassal
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Keiō era (1865.4.7-1868.9.8)
government forces; loyalist army
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
first move (in go, shogi, etc.); moving first; person with the first move; forestalling; (seizing the) initiative
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to board; to embark on; to get into (a car); to march into; to enter
riddle; puzzle; enigma; enigmatic; mysterious
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai; (arch.) man in attendance (on a person of high standing); (arch.) retainer
arrow and target; arrow used for shooting marks
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to carry on one's back; to be burdened with; to take responsibility for; to have (something) in the background; to be in front (of something); to be conceited
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
true character; true form; true colors (colours); consciousness; one's senses
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
privacy; secrecy; confidentiality
to desire; to wish; to beg; to request; to have something done for oneself
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
circumstances; conditions; situation; reasons; state of affairs
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
treatment; service; handling (of a machine, tool, etc.); operation; treating as; treating like
pains; hard work; effort; trouble; labour; labor
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
prosperity; flourishing; thriving
imperial envoy; imperial messenger
party; group; troop; one act; one action; one deed
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
entry into a castle (by a conquering force)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
somehow; for some reason; without knowing why
emperor (of Japan); mikado