indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
government soldier; officers and other ranks; officers and enlisted
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Owari (former province located in the west of present-day Aichi Prefecture)
emperor; shogun; honored person (honoured); (another person's) wife
arrow and target; arrow used for shooting marks
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
all present; all concerned; all of us
adds force or indicates command
Kōzuke (former province located in present-day Gunma Prefecture)
government forces; loyalist army
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
you (when referring to one's equals or inferiors)
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
in that way; thus; so; so?
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
new government; new administration
Shōgitai (group of former Tokugawa retainers opposed to the Meiji government and fought in the battle of Ueno)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding