indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
honorific/polite/humble prefix
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
arrow and target; arrow used for shooting marks
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
win; victory; beautiful scenery; scenic spot; counter for wins
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
government forces; loyalist army
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
shogunal vassal; direct retainer of a shogun
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
(arch.) poor; (arch.) unskillful; (arch.) clumsy; I; me