Keiō era (1865.4.7-1868.9.8)
first year (of an imperial era); year something (important) first happened or began
August; eighth month of the lunar calendar
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Hyogo (prefecture); armory; armoury; arsenal
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
opening a port (seaport, airport, etc.); starting operations at a port; opening a port to foreign vessels or trade
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to approach; to draw near; to be imminent; to press (someone for something); to urge; to compel
various foreign countries; several foreign countries
pressure; stress; pressure (e.g. political); coercion; arm-twisting
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
opportunity; chance; good time (to do); trend; tendency; momentum
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to rise; to swell; to be promoted
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
plan; project; attempt; plot; scheme; undertaking
to accomplish; to achieve; to carry out; to do ... completely; to do ... entirely
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
envoy; diplomat below the rank of ambassador (e.g. deputy chief of mission, charge d'affaires); minister (of legation)
Roche; Roches; Roesch; Roshch
to invite; to ask; to beckon; to wave someone in; to call in; to send for
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to drive into; to ride into; to extend (a railway line, bus route, etc.) into; to link (a railway line) with; to join up with (a separate line)
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
leaving a decision to someone else (often of a meal to be selected by the chef); omakase
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour