indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Satsuma (former province located in the west of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture); sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
katsura (Cercidiphyllum japonicum); Japanese Judas tree
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
bang; bam; noontime signal gun (carried out early Meiji to Taishō); noon gun; last round in a game of 12 rounds; precisely
(arch.) indicates emphasis, intention, etc.; indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
possession; ownership; Tibet; Tibetan people
person who is ...; thing that is ...
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
conquest; subjugation; overcoming; chastisement; punishment; punitive expedition
splendid horse; promoted bishop
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more