to shoot (a gun, person, etc.); to fire
sound of a gun; roar of cannon
Bunkyū era (1861.2.19-1864.2.20)
three years; third school year (e.g. of high school)
May; fifth month of the lunar calendar
10th day of the month; ten days
pluralizing suffix; or so; rough indicator of direction, location, amount, etc.; nominalizing suffix
by means of; due to; because of; according to
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
doing (with resolve); carrying out (e.g. a plan)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
peace; tranquility; tranquillity; (arch.) happy-go-lucky
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
more and more; all the more; at last; finally; (at the) last moment; worst possible time
Bakumatsu period; closing days of the Tokugawa shogunate; end of the Edo period
disturbance; upheaval; unrest; war; riot
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (someone's) side
barrier; gate; seki; mutual life
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to be due to; to be caused by; to depend on; to turn on; to be based on; to come from
looking or acting as if one owned the place
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
coming and going; keeping in touch; visiting each other; street traffic; highway
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
to brush away; to sweep aside; to repel (e.g. enemy); to drive away; to rout
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to make a decision; to draw a conclusion; to give a judgement; to hand down a verdict; to let go down; to lower; to do oneself
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
Chōshū; (former) Nagato Province
hero; heroine; Eroica Symphony (Beethoven, 1804); Heroic Polonaise (Chopin)
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement