indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (somebody's) side
barrier; gate; seki (in go); mutual life
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
kiheitai (irregular militia during the Bakumatsu period)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
bush clover; Japanese clover (any flowering plant of genus Lespedeza); dark red exterior with blue interior (color combination worn in autumn); Hagi (city in Yamaguchi)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
all present; all concerned; all of us
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
kimono; Japanese traditional clothing (esp. full-length); clothing; clothes
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding