Hōgen era (1156.4.27-1159.4.20)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
abundant; plentiful; rich; wealthy; open (mind); relaxed
Harima (former province located in the southwestern part of present-day Hyōgo Prefecture)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
provincial official (under the ritsuryō system; esp. a governor)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
(foreign) trade; (international) commerce; importing and exporting
to be in charge of; to manage; to direct; to rule; to govern; to control
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to go to the top; to climb to the top; to ascend to the top; to be engrossed in; to be very enthusiastic about; to be infatuated with
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
together; jointly; at the same time; with; both
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
unexpectedly; surprisingly
low (rank, degree, value, content, quality, etc.); low (position); close to the ground; short (height); deep (voice); in a low key
(social) position; status; standing; position (in a company, organization, etc.); post; rank
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop; knight (court card in mekuri karuta and unsun karuta)
control; management (e.g. of a business)
post; official position; managerial position; executive position
Heike family; Taira family
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
Genji (the character in the Genji Monogatari); the Minamoto family
(two) matchless things; (two) matchless people; pair of bright jewels
to strike; to hit; to attack; to bash; to sound out (someone's views); to pound (meat or fish); to chop into small pieces
the more ... the more ...; as; (arch.) while; (arch.) during; (arch.) because; (arch.) since
to collect (debts); to dun; to appoint; to promote; to emphasize; to focus on
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
emperor (of Japan); mikado
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
accession to the throne; enthronement
still; as yet; as it has been
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
rule; government; administration