indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
honorific/polite/humble prefix
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Genji (the character in the Genji Monogatari); the Minamoto family
Heike family; Taira family
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
adds force or indicates command
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
Song dynasty (China, 960-1279); Sung dynasty; Liu Song dynasty (China, 420-479); Liu Sung dynasty; Song (ancient Chinese state, 11th century-286 BCE); Sung
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
so; like that; that's right; indeed; let me see...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
all present; all concerned; all of us