ice; shaved ice (usually served with flavored simple syrup)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nth son; lang; official title in ancient China; (arch.) man; (arch.) young man; (arch.) my husband
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
like this; this sort; this way
to use up; to exhaust; to devote oneself (to); to do one's utmost (for); to do to exhaustion; to do completely
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to surround; to crowd around
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
yo!; hello there!; wow!; oh!; yah! (yell)
management; dealing with; course of events; circumstances; end result (usu. bad); outcome
to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to carry on one's back; to be burdened with; to take responsibility for; to have (something) in the background; to be in front (of something); to be conceited
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to catch; to capture; to grasp (e.g. meaning); to perceive; to captivate; to move (one's heart)
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
to snatch away; to dispossess; to steal
disaster; calamity; misfortune; trouble; woes