expel the barbarians; expulsion of the foreigners; late Edo period (19th century) revolutionary slogan
towards (a destination); for the purpose of; with the goal of; targeting (a group, a demographic)
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hindrance; obstacle; to visit (someone's home); demon who hinders Buddhist training; demon who obstructs sentient beings from maintaining moral behaviour
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
9th in rank; ninth sign of the Chinese calendar
raw; uncooked; natural; as it is; unprotected (sex); live (i.e. not recorded); inexperienced
person who has spent X years after graduating high school attempting to get admitted to (a specific) university
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
number one; first; best; most; game; round
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
slowly; quietly; steadily; soon; momentarily; before long
emperor (of Japan); mikado
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
near; close; beside; attendant; retainer; vassal
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to keep away; to keep at a distance
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
public matter; governmental matter; prince; duke; lord; sir
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to encourage; to cheer; to raise (the voice)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
strange; weird; wonder; mystery; cleverness; adroitness
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
blind female beggar who sings or plays shamisen
repair; mending; fixing; servicing
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
Emperor Koumei; Koumei Tenno (1831-1866 CE, reigning: 1846-1866 CE)
protection; safeguard; shugo (Kamakura or Muromachi period military governor)
job; work; duties; trade; skill
Kanto; region consisting of Tokyo and surrounding prefectures; Kanto; north-eastern half of Japan (during the feudal era)