indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
cry (esp. animal); roar; chirp; tweet; bark; whine
spirit; soul; drive; vigor; vigour
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be sufficient; to be enough; to be worth doing; to be worthy of; to do (the job); to serve
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at the risk of one's life; dead body
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
battlefield; battleground
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be helpful; to be useful
adds force or indicates command
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
white; unseasoned; undyed; very much; precisely; playing dumb
to succeed; to relieve; to take the place of; to substitute for; to be exchanged; to change (places with)
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
babysitting; babysitter; taking care of; assisting; assistant
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
maid; female servant; hostess (in a ryokan); waitress (in a traditional restaurant); (arch.) court lady
greatly; very much; thanks a lot
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry
official size of a tatami mat for measuring room size (esp. a Kyoto-size tatami mat); basic rhythm (in traditional Japanese music); (arch.) room (in a brothel) of a prostitute of the highest rank
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to kill (a human) using a blade (sword, machete, knife, etc.); to slice (off); to lop (off); to cut (off)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
Bunkyū era (1861.2.19-1864.2.20)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
heaven's punishment; divine punishment; well-deserved punishment; just punishment
storm; tempest; uproar; hullabaloo; storm (e.g. of protest)
to blow violently; to sweep over; to devastate
court noble; nobility; Imperial Court
hired thief taker (Edo-period); private detective; private secret policeman
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
(Edo-period) town magistrate
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as