death; decease; (arch.) death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation); (an) out
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
should; must; -able; probably; likely
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
(arch.) it is not so; no; never mind
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
cooked rice; meal; food; one's living; livelihood
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to catch; to capture; to grasp (e.g. meaning); to perceive; to captivate; to move (one's heart)
pine tree (Pinus spp.); highest (of a three-tier ranking system)
shade; shadow; behind (something); other side; background; behind the scenes
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
to send (a thing); to dispatch; to take or escort (a person somewhere); to see off (a person); to bid farewell (to the departed); to bury; to spend (time)
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
treaty; pact; convention; agreement
signature; signing; sealing
in regard to; concerning (usu. of disputes)
to blow violently; to sweep over; to devastate
expel the barbarians; expulsion of the foreigners; late Edo period (19th century) revolutionary slogan
storm; tempest; uproar; hullabaloo; storm (e.g. of protest)
to stop (moving); to come to a stop; to stop (doing, working, being supplied); to come to a halt; to alight; to perch on
win; victory; beautiful scenery; scenic spot; counter for wins
still; yet; more; still more; as ...; like ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
ago; since; before; previous
black ships; Western ships that came to Japan between the 16th and 19th centuries, esp. those of the Perry Expedition in 1853; foreign disruptor (of the Japanese market); product, person, etc. arriving from the West and disturbing the Japanese market
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to come and see (someone, something); to visit
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only